Understanding the Three Types of U.S. Student Visas
F-1 Visa – Academic Studies
The F-1 visa is the most common student visa. It is for students enrolled in:
- Universities or colleges
- High schools or private elementary schools
- Language training programs
- Seminaries, conservatories, or other accredited academic institutions
To apply for an F-1 visa, you must:
- Be accepted to a SEVP-certified school
- Receive a Form I-20 from that school
- Show that you plan to study full-time and have the financial means to do so
F-1 visa holders may be allowed to work on campus, and in some cases, may apply for CPT (Curricular Practical Training) or OPT (Optional Practical Training) — which allows temporary work related to their field of study.
Spouse and Children
The spouse and children (under age 21) of F-1 visa holders may apply for F-2 visas. F-2 dependents cannot work or study full-time in most cases.
J-1 Visa – Exchange Visitors
The J-1 visa is for students and professionals participating in exchange programs sponsored by educational or nonprofit institutions.
- University exchange students
- Visiting scholars
- Interns, trainees, and researchers
- Certain graduate programs that include academic training components
The J-1 visa is ideal for those seeking hands-on experience, training, or academic collaboration that is directly tied to their field of study.
J-1 applicants must be accepted into a program that is part of the U.S. State Department’s Exchange Visitor Program and receive a Form DS-2019 from their sponsor.
Spouse and Children
Eligible dependents of J-1 visa holders may apply for J-2 visas, which may allow the spouse to apply for work authorization during the stay.
M-1 Visa – Vocational or Technical Training
The M-1 visa is for students who plan to enroll in non-academic or vocational programs, such as:
- Technical training schools
- Mechanical or industrial programs
- Culinary schools
- Cosmetology and other job-specific trades
M-1 students must:
- Be enrolled full-time
- Show proof of sufficient funds to cover all tuition and living expenses for the entire program duration
- Stick closely to their program dates — extensions and transfers are limited
Work is not allowed during the program, and optional training after graduation is more limited compared to the F-1 route.
Spouse and Children
Spouses and children of M-1 visa holders may apply for M-2 visas, but cannot work or study during their stay.
